A 45-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 10-hour history of fever, chills, and abdominal pain that radiates to her right shoulder blade. She has a history of cholelithiasis, Her temperature is 39.6°C (103.3°F), pulse is 120/min, respirations are 24/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mrn Hg. Abdominal examination shows tenderness in the right upper quadrant with guarding. Bowel sounds are decreased. Which of the following cytokines is most likely to be primarily involved in this patient's condition?

A 45-year-old woman has increased blood pressure, decreased urine output, and an increased serum creatinine concentration 9 weeks after renal allograft transplantation. Which of the following elements of the patient's immune system are most likely responsible for these clinical changes?

During an experimental study, a researcher isolates a neuromuscular preparation and stimulates the motor nerve in the presence of a small dose of tubocurarine to achieve a submaximal response. The resulting endplate potential (EPP) is measured in both 0.9% saline (control) and in the presence of neostigmine (experimental). The EPP of the experimental group is increased in both amplitude and duration. Which of the following molecular targets is the most likely cause of this effect?

A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of intermittent tingling and numbness of her feet during the past 6 months, She has a 30-year history of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Sensation of joint position is decreased in the toes and ankles, and vibration sense is decreased in the feet. There are decreased ankle jerks bilaterally. Pathologic changes of which of the following most likely occurred in this patient?

A 40-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-year history of chronic low back pain, Exercises to strengthen the abdominal muscles are recommended. Straight-leg raising consists of raising both lower extremities while lying flat on her back. Which of the following muscles is most directly involved in this exercise?